Good morning. We look at the upsides and downsides of slow population growth in the U.S. |
 | | A child-care facility in Queens.Kirsten Luce for The New York Times |
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The U.S. population grew by only 7.4 percent over the past decade, the smallest increase since the 1930s, the Census Bureau reported yesterday. This morning, I want to explain why and talk about both the upsides and downsides of slower population growth. |
 | | By The New York Times | Source: United States Census Bureau |
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The biggest cause of the population slowdown is the declining birthrate. Today, the average American adult of child-rearing age has 17 percent fewer children than in 1990 — and about 50 percent fewer than in 1960. The U.S. still has a higher fertility rate than Japan and Germany, but it is in the same range as Britain and Sweden and below France and Ireland. There are now more Americans 80 and older than 2 or younger. |
The second factor behind the slow population growth is a decline in legal immigration during Donald Trump's presidency. (Illegal immigration does not appear to have changed significantly.) |
The upsides of less growth |
Lower levels of immigration can also have upsides. The big wage gains for American workers during the mid-20th century had many causes, including strong labor unions, rising educational attainment and high tax rates on top incomes. But the tight immigration restrictions of that period also played a role. |
"Immigration restriction, by making unskilled labor more scarce, tended to shore up wage rates," the labor historian Irving Bernstein wrote in a 1960 book. The economists Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson have noted that economic inequality declined more during the mid-20th century in countries with slower labor force growth. |
Over all, though, the slowdown in population growth is probably a net negative for the U.S. — as both conservatives (like Ross Douthat) and liberals (like Michelle Goldberg) have argued. |
For one thing, polls show that many Americans want more children than they are having, as The Times's Claire Cain Miller has noted. But the slow-growing incomes and a shortage of good child care options have led some people to decide that they cannot afford to have as many children as they would like. The decline in the birthrate, in other words, is partly a reflection of American society's failure to support families. |
(President Biden wants to address these problems by expanding child care and pre-K programs and extending a child tax credit in the recent Covid-19 relief bill. Those proposals will be part of his speech to Congress tomorrow night.) |
A second problem with slow population growth involves global affairs. The U.S. now faces the most serious challenge to its supremacy since the Cold War — from China. The future path of the two countries' economic growth will help determine their relative strength. And population growth, in turn, helps determine economic growth, especially in an advanced economy. To have any hope of keeping up with China and its vastly larger population, the U.S. will probably need bigger population increases than it has recently had. |
Viewed in these terms, the population slowdown is a threat to national security. "I don't know of a precedent for a dynamic country that has basically stopped growing," The Atlantic's Derek Thompson has written. |
In Matthew Yglesias's recent book "One Billion Americans," he argues that the U.S. should rapidly increase legal immigration to lift economic output. "America should aspire to be the greatest nation on earth," Yglesias, the author of a Substack newsletter, writes. The only realistic alternative for that role is China, an authoritarian country that is jailing critics and committing egregious human rights abuses. |
Higher levels of immigration also have a direct benefit: More of the millions of people around the world who want to move to the U.S. get the chance to do so. |
More from the census report: |
- The population continued to shift from the Northeast and the Midwest to the Sun Belt, and California will lose a congressional seat for the first time in history.
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 | | By The New York Times | Source: United States Census Bureau |
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 | | A gun rights advocate at a 2019 rally in Olympia, Wash.Ted Warren/Associated Press |
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- "Russia now has two national leaders: Mr. Putin in the Kremlin and Mr. Navalny in prison," Oleg Kashin, a Russian journalist who has known Navalny since 2003, argues.
- The Times Opinion section is retiring the term "Op-Ed" after 51 years. Opinion pieces by outside writers will be "Guest Essays."
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Flourishing: Are the tulips brighter this year, or is that optimism talking? See for yourself. |
Lives Lived: Helen Weaver fell in love with Jack Kerouac months before "On the Road" rocketed him to literary fame, and recorded their romance in an enduring book of her own decades later. She died at 89. |
 | | Shohei Ohtani in a game against the Texas Rangers yesterday.Kevin Jairaj/USA Today Sports, via Reuters |
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There is a problem, though. Since moving from Japan in 2018 to join the Los Angeles Angels, Ohtani has often been injured. He has needed arm surgery, and has had knee problems and blisters. Many people have begun to wonder if Ohtani should avoid extra strain and stick to only hitting. |
"Everybody's rooting for him, but if he continues to struggle with regular pitching duties, it's almost like a Bo Jackson kind of career — we know he's capable of being a two-way star (in Bo's case, football and baseball)," our colleague Tyler Kepner told us. "But we only get a taste of it, and we're always left hungry for more." |
In his appearance last night, Ohtani gave up four runs in five innings — and had two RBIs — as the Angels beat the Texas Rangers, 9 to 4. |
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Off-White is a sought-after streetwear brand. Like other big brands, it sues over trademark infringement. A lot. |
The pangram from yesterday's Spelling Bee was confirm. Here is today's puzzle — or you can play online. |
Thanks for spending part of your morning with The Times. See you tomorrow. — David |
Lalena Fisher, Claire Moses, Ian Prasad Philbrick, Tom Wright-Piersanti and Sanam Yar contributed to The Morning. You can reach the team at themorning@nytimes.com. |
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